T = 2 pi r / (beta c) r = beta c T/(2pi) B \propto p/r = m beta gamma c / (beta c T/(2pi)) = 2 pi m gamma / T \propto gamma Focussing depends on "integrated momentum-normalised gradient"; many sectors of size Theta B'l/p = B' r Theta / p If this is constant then B' \propto p/r \propto gamma \propto B So B(s) \propto e^ks, doesn't work at low energies: B' is almost zero at centre of cyclotron. Note also B \propto gamma. Set r = beta R (where R = c T/(2pi)). Let gamma(s) = e^ks. r(s) = sqrt(1-gamma^-2) R = sqrt(1-e^(-2ks)) R dr/ds = R 0.5 (1-e^(-2ks))^-0.5 2ke^(-2ks) = R 0.5 (1/beta) 2k gamma^-2 = kR / (beta gamma^2) But |dr/ds| <= 1 always, so beta gamma^2 >= kR = R/"e-fold height" For low energies in FFAG-focussing mode, need small radius and large e-fold height. Could use cyclotron (weak) focussing mode, but tunes would then stay small throughout machine and would have significant coupling in VFFAG section